Endocrine Glands
Semester 7th ()
Code MED_711
Hours Teaching 25 hours, Laboratory 0 hours, Tutorial 0 hours , Clinical Training 0 hours (per week)
Teachers
Description
Hypothalamus – Pituitary
Clinical case (headache, hemi-anopsia, reduced libido)
Anatomy
Hypothalamus – Nuclei
Pituitary
General
Neuro-hormones (releasing hormones)
Pituitary hormones
Receptors
GnRH – Pulsatile secretion-circadian rhythms
The concept of feed-back regulation of hormone secretion
Growth Hormone (GH)
Acromegaly
GH deficiency
Prolactin
Tumors
Pituitaryadenomas
Hypothalamicandparaselartumors
Pituitary Failure
Adenohypophysis
Introduction-Etiology-Therapy
Hypophysitis
Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis)
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Hypogonadism
Hypogonatrophic
Hypergonadotropic
DisordersofMenstrualPeriod
Menopause
DiabetesMellitus
ClinicalCase: (polyuria, polydipsia, weightloss, muscleweakness)
Diabetes mellitus
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Types of Diabetes
Pancreas (anatomy, islets, physiology, hormones)
Insulin (Secretion, Action)
Glucagon (Secretion, Action)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pathogenesis
Clinical presentation
Metabolic syndrome
Therapy
MODY
Gestational Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – LADA
Pathogenesis
Clinical presentation
Therapy
Complications
Acute: Ketosis
Hyperosmosis
Chronic:
Pathogenesis (general)
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Atherosclerosis
Diabeticfoot
Hypoglycemia
General
In diabetes
In non-diabetic
Lipids
Introduction
Lipoproteins
Lipoprotein metabolism
Primary dyslipidemias
Secondary dyslipidemia
Therapy
Obesity
Etiology
Complications
Treatment
Thyroid
Embryology
Anatomy
Physiology
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis
Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
Thyroid hormone transport and action
Iodine deficiency
Goiter
Thyroid nodule
Evaluation of thyroid function
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditides
Thyroid disorders in pregnancy
Thyroidcancer
Mineral Metabolism - Hormones and disorders
Structure and Function of the Skeleton
Bone remodeling and its regulation
Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
The system of vitamin D
Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
Hypoparatyroidism
Pseudo-hypoparathyroidism
Pagets disease
Osteoporosis
Epidimiology
Pathogenesis
Prevention
Treatment
Adrenals
Clinical case: A patient with orthostatic hypotension and skin pigmentation
Anatomy- Histology
Hormones: Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Catecholamines
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalaxis
CRH-ACTH
Hormone action
Adrenal Insufficiency
ADDISON’s disease
Etiology
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Acute adrenal insuficiency
Glucocorticoid Hypersecretion (CUSHING’s syndrome)
Etiology
Clinical presentation
Laboratory findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Adrenal incidentalomas
Endocrine Hypertension
Regulation of aldosterone secretion
Primary aldosteronism
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma- Paragangliomas
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Scope
Knowledge of Basic Sciences
1. Anatomy of the endocrine glands
2. Physiology
-Hormone synthesis and metabolism
-Regulation of hormone secretion
-Hormone action – Receptors – Types of Receptors – Receptor signaling – intracellular signal transmission
-Axes: Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid
Hypothalamus-Pituitary -Gonads
Hypothalamus-Pituitary - Adrenals
GH-RH-Growth Hormone-IGF-I
-The concept of feed-back regulation of hormone secretion
-Principlesofhormoneassays
3. Histologyandpathologyoftheendocrineglands
Learning outcomes
Disease definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs and symptoms
Laboratory work-up
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Therapy
Reading Material
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine
Davidson’s Internal Medicine,
The Endocrine System at a Glance (Ben Greenstein, Diana Wood)